# TB-500 References: The Cited Thymosin Beta-4 and Fragment Literature | TB-500

> TB-500 references — the full cited source list behind this dossier, from the thymosin beta-4 actin-sequestration structure and human Phase 1 study to the 2026 Sports Medicine review and the FDA 503A record.

Every quantitative claim on this site resolves to one of these entries — peer-reviewed studies, a major review, and the FDA regulatory record, with DOIs and PubMed links.

## How to read these references

These TB-500 references are the source record for the dossier. Most concern thymosin beta-4, the parent protein, because that is where the efficacy literature lives; the entries are labeled so you can see at a glance which findings used the full-length protein versus the heptapeptide. The peptide research is cited from the peer-reviewed literature; the regulatory facts are cited to the FDA pages verified for this build. Full citations, DOIs, and PubMed or FDA URLs are listed below.

## References

[1] Irobi E, Aguda AH, Larsson M, et al. Structural basis of actin sequestration by thymosin-beta4: implications for WH2 proteins. EMBO J. 2004;23(18):3599-3608. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15329672/
[2] Bock-Marquette I, Saxena A, White MD, DiMaio JM, Srivastava D. Thymosin beta4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair. Nature. 2004;432(7016):466-472. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15565145/
[3] Malinda KM, Sidhu GS, Mani H, et al. Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing. J Invest Dermatol. 1999;113(3):364-368. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10469335/
[4] Morris DC, Cui Y, Cheung WL, et al. A dose-response study of thymosin β4 for the treatment of acute stroke. J Neurol Sci. 2014;345(1-2):61-67. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25060418/
[5] Goldstein AL, Hannappel E, Sosne G, Kleinman HK. Thymosin β4: a multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2012;12(1):37-51. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22074294/
[6] Ruff D, Crockford D, Girardi G, Zhang Y. A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin β4 in healthy volunteers. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2010;1194:223-229. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20536472/
[7] Tokura Y, Nakayama Y, Fukada S, et al. Muscle injury-induced thymosin β4 acts as a chemoattractant for myoblasts. J Biochem. 2011;149(1):43-48. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20880960/
[8] Xiong Y, Mahmood A, Meng Y, et al. Thymosin β4 enhances the healing of medial collateral ligament injury in rats. Regul Pept. 2013;184:1-8. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23523891/
[9] Spurney CF, Cha HJ, Sali A, et al. Evaluation of skeletal and cardiac muscle function after chronic administration of thymosin beta-4 in the dystrophin deficient mouse. PLoS One. 2010;5(1):e8976. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20126456/
[10] Jo JO, Kang YJ, Ock MS, et al. Thymosin β4 induces the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in a hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α-dependent manner. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2010;1803(11):1244-1251. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20691219/
[11] Qiu P, Wheater MK, Qiu Y, Sosne G. Thymosin beta4 promotes matrix metalloproteinase expression during wound repair. J Cell Physiol. 2006;220(3):778-786. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16607611/
[12] Sosne G, Qiu P, Christopherson PL, Wheater MK. Thymosin beta 4 suppression of corneal NFkappaB: a potential anti-inflammatory pathway. Exp Eye Res. 2007;84(4):663-669. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17254567/
[13] Stark C, Taimen P, Tarkia M, et al. Cardioprotection by systemic dosing of thymosin beta four following ischemic myocardial injury. Front Pharmacol. 2013;4:149. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24348421/
[14] Mendias CL, Awan TM. Safety and Efficacy of Approved and Unapproved Peptide Therapies for Musculoskeletal Injuries and Athletic Performance. Sports Med. 2026. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41966639/
[15] Gonzalez-Franquesa A, Gama-Perez P, Kud O, et al. Discovery of thymosin β4 as a human exerkine and growth factor. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 2021;321(5):C770-C778. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34495765/
[16] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. July 23-24, 2026: Meeting of the Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee. FDA Advisory Committee Calendar. Lists BPC-157, KPV, TB-500, and MOTs-C as bulk drug substances being considered for inclusion on the 503A Bulks List (scheduled discussion; not a decision). https://www.fda.gov/advisory-committees/advisory-committee-calendar/july-23-24-2026-meeting-pharmacy-compounding-advisory-committee-07232026
[17] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Certain Bulk Drug Substances for Use in Compounding That May Present Significant Safety Risks. Lists 'Thymosin beta-4, fragment (LKKTETQ), also known as TB-500' as a 503A Category 2 substance, effective with the September 29, 2023 update. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/human-drug-compounding/certain-bulk-drug-substances-use-compounding-may-present-significant-safety-risks
[18] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Bulk Drug Substances Used in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act. Defines the 503A/503B framework, the bulk-substance eligibility rule (USP/NF monograph, component of an approved drug, or on the FDA bulks list), the Category 1 and Category 2 distinction, and the January 7, 2025 change under which newly nominated substances are no longer placed into numbered categories. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/human-drug-compounding/bulk-drug-substances-used-compounding-under-section-503a-fdc-act

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A bento board of the TB-500 record — each finding tiled and cited, every full-length-versus-fragment caveat flagged in the corner, with no clinic behind the board and nothing here dispensed or sold.